Cramped Quarters

Karen is living in residence at university. She shares her room with one other person, Tanis. They live on the 7th floor. On their door, there is a small whiteboard. At the bottom it says, "Karen and Tanis live here. Leave a message!". Karen's bed is against the north wall. She uses the space under her bed for storage. Tanis' bed is against the opposite wall. Between the two beds there is a space about 6 feet wide. Karen's desk is next to her bed. On her desk she has a computer. There is a reading lamp beside the computer. She has another light above her bed that she can use when she is reading in bed. On the floor beside the desk, there is a kettle. To the right of the desk, stands a book case which they share. They also share a small fridge which is in the corner. There is one window in the west wall whch looks out on the grounds. The bathroom is down the hall. There are laundry facilites on the second floor. They have their meals in the dining hall; they have to stand in line, but the food is reasonable. At the front of the building, there is an Intercom so their friends can buzz them. Karen and Tanis get along quite well. The only thing Karen doesn't like is that Tanis leaves the light on when she studies at night. That makes it hard for Karen to sleep.

Concise ESL Support

Conditional and Hypothetical Constructions

Usage	“If” clause verb form	Main clause verb form
	“If” event ‘A’ occurs	then event ‘B’ happens*
Generally true	simple present e.g. If I feel hungry	simple present I eat
True for the future	simple present e.g. If I feel hungry (later)	simple future I will eat
Untrue now and future (hypothetical) I am not hungry now, but this is what I would do if that were the case.	simple past If I were hungry	would + verb name I would eat
Untrue in the past (hypothetical) I was not hungry in the past, but this is what I would have done if that were the case.	past perfect If I had been hungry	would + present perfect I would have eaten

* Clause order can be reversed. Event ‘B’ happens if event ‘A’ occurs—note the change in punctuation.

Conditionals

“If” is the most common word used to introduce adverbial clauses of condition (conditionals); other words that introduce these clauses are:

• Constructions with ‘if’;                 even if / only if
• Unless (means except if . . .)
• Whether or not
• Providing/provided (that)
• In case/in the event (that)

Hypothetical constructions

Usage	Wish	Clause
Wish + a noun clause	simple present + (that) e.g. I wish (that)	simple past I had more of money.*
Generally true	simple present + (that) e.g. I wish (that)	simple past I exercised more.
Statement referring to the past	simple present e.g. I wish (that)	past perfect I had paid attention to the teacher.
A promise, certainty, possibility or ability	simple present e.g. I wish (that)	modal (would/could) + verb name I would be a better student. I could study more effectively.

more or less

Symbols for other components may be more or less standard, or be invented as desired to show how the component operates.

prevent from

This prevents negative pressure ( vacuum ) from siphoning water from the system when supply pressure is removed, as in figure.

to prevent air from blocking circulation of water

are similar to, in that

Vacuum relief valves are similar to check valves in that they are one-way valves which close under system pressure to prevent water escaping, but open to allow air into the system when the pressure is removed.